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complex person

  • 1 complex

    1. 'kompleks, ]( American) kəm'pleks adjective
    1) (composed of many parts: a complex piece of machinery.) complejo
    2) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) complejo

    2. 'kompleks noun
    1) (something made up of many different pieces: The leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.) complejo
    2) ((often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour: She has a complex about her weight; inferiority complex.) complejo
    •
    tr['kɒmpleks]
    1 (gen) complejo,-a
    1 (group, system) complejo
    2 (in psychology) complejo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to have a complex about something tener complejo de algo
    complex [kɑm'plɛks, kəm-; 'kɑm-.plɛks] adj
    : complejo, complicado
    complex ['kɑm.plɛks] n
    : complejo m
    adj.
    • complejo, -a adj.
    • complicado, -a adj.
    • enrevesado, -a adj.
    • revesado, -a adj.
    n.
    • complejo s.m.

    I 'kɑːmpleks, 'kɒmpleks
    a) ( complicated) <person/issue/situation> complejo, complicado
    b) ( intricate) <system/pattern/design> complejo

    II
    1) ( buildings) complejo m
    2) ( Psych) complejo m
    ['kɒmpleks]
    1.
    ADJ (=difficult) complejo, complicado; (=consisting of different parts) complejo; (Ling) compuesto
    2. N
    1) (Psych) complejo m

    inferiority/Oedipus complex — complejo m de inferioridad/Edipo

    he's got a complex about his nose — está acomplejado por su nariz, su nariz lo acompleja

    2) [of buildings] complejo m

    sports complex — complejo m deportivo

    housing complex — colonia f de viviendas, urbanización f

    shopping complex — complejo m comercial

    * * *

    I ['kɑːmpleks, 'kɒmpleks]
    a) ( complicated) <person/issue/situation> complejo, complicado
    b) ( intricate) <system/pattern/design> complejo

    II
    1) ( buildings) complejo m
    2) ( Psych) complejo m

    English-spanish dictionary > complex

  • 2 complex

    1. adjective
    1) (complicated) kompliziert
    2) (composite) komplex
    2. noun
    (also Psych.) Komplex, der

    a [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex

    * * *
    1. ['kompleks, ]( American[) kəm'pleks] adjective
    1) (composed of many parts: a complex piece of machinery.) zusammengesetzt
    2) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) kompliziert
    2. ['kompleks] noun
    1) (something made up of many different pieces: The leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.) der Komplex
    2) ((often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour: She has a complex about her weight; inferiority complex.) der Komplex
    •
    - academic.ru/14809/complexity">complexity
    * * *
    com·plex
    I. adj
    [ˈkɒmpleks, AM kɑ:mˈpleks]
    komplex; (complicated) kompliziert; issue, matter, personality, problem vielschichtig; plot, theory verwickelt, verstrickt
    \complex carbohydrate/molecule komplexes Kohlenhydrat/Molekül
    \complex network of roads verästeltes Straßennetz
    II. n
    <pl -es>
    [ˈkɒmpleks, AM ˈkɑ:m-]
    1. ARCHIT Komplex m
    apartment \complex AM Wohnkomplex m
    housing \complex Wohnhausanlage f
    sports and leisure \complex Sport- und Freizeitzentrum nt
    shopping \complex Einkaufszentrum nt
    2. PSYCH Komplex m
    he's got a \complex about being bald er hat einen Komplex wegen seiner Kahlköpfigkeit
    I've got a real \complex about spiders ich kann Spinnen partout nicht ausstehen
    guilt/inferiority \complex Schuld-/Minderwertigkeitskomplex m
    persecution \complex Verfolgungswahn m
    weight \complex Komplex m aufgrund von Gewichtsproblemen
    to give sb a \complex ( fam) bei jdm Komplexe verursachen
    * * *
    ['kɒmpleks]
    1. adj
    1) komplex; person, mind, issue, question, problem, poem also vielschichtig; theory, task, system also, machine, pattern differenziert, kompliziert; situation also, paragraph verwickelt, kompliziert
    2) (GRAM)
    2. n
    1) Komplex m
    2) (PSYCH) Komplex m

    he has a complex about his ears — er hat Komplexe or einen Komplex wegen seiner Ohren

    don't get a complex about it — deswegen brauchst du keine Komplexe zu bekommen

    * * *
    A adj [ˈkɒmpleks; US kɑmˈpleks; ˈkɑmˌpleks] (adv complexly)
    1. zusammengesetzt (Wort etc): → sentence A 1
    2. komplex, vielschichtig:
    complex part ( oder role) THEAT etc Charakterrolle f;
    actor of complex parts Charakterdarsteller m
    3. MATH komplex:
    complex fraction komplexer Bruch, Doppelbruch m
    B s [ˈkɒmpleks; US ˈkɑm-]
    1. Komplex m, (das) Ganze, Gesamtheit f
    2. (Gebäude- etc) Komplex m:
    3. PSYCH Komplex m:
    have a complex about Komplexe haben wegen
    4. CHEM Komplexverbindung f
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (complicated) kompliziert
    2) (composite) komplex
    2. noun
    (also Psych.) Komplex, der

    a [building] complex — ein Gebäudekomplex

    * * *
    adj.
    komplex (Problem) adj.
    komplex adj.
    kompliziert adj.
    vielschichtig adj. n.
    Komplex -en m.

    English-german dictionary > complex

  • 3 superiority complex

    subst.
    1) ( hverdagslig) overdrevne tanker om egen person, hybris
    2) stormannsgalskap

    English-Norwegian dictionary > superiority complex

  • 4 сложный человек

    Russian-english psychology dictionary > сложный человек

  • 5 sophisticated

    sə'fistikeitid
    1) ((of a person) having a great deal of experience and worldly wisdom, knowledge of how to dress elegantly etc: a sophisticated young man; She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.) sofisticado
    2) (suitable for, or typical of, sophisticated people: The joke was too sophisticated for the child to understand; sophisticated clothes/hairstyles.) sutil, sofisticado, complejo
    3) ((of machines, processes etc) highly-developed, elaborate and produced with a high degree of skill and knowledge: sophisticated photographic techniques.) sofisticado
    •
    tr[sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd]
    1 sofisticado,-a
    sophisticated [sə'fɪstə.keɪt̬əd] adj
    1) complex: complejo
    2) worldly-wise: sofisticado
    adj.
    • avanzado, -a adj.
    • mundano, -a adj.
    • sofisticado, -a adj.
    sə'fɪstəkeɪtəd, sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd
    a) (urbane, worldly-wise) <appearance/clothes/person> sofisticado
    b) ( complex) <machine/technique> complejo, altamente desarrollado or perfeccionado
    [sǝ'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd]
    ADJ
    1) (=refined) [person, lifestyle, tastes, clothes] sofisticado
    2) (=complex) [idea] sofisticado; [equipment] sofisticado, complejo, altamente desarrollado; [technique] sofisticado, muy elaborado, complejo; [play, film, book] muy elaborado, complejo
    * * *
    [sə'fɪstəkeɪtəd, sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd]
    a) (urbane, worldly-wise) <appearance/clothes/person> sofisticado
    b) ( complex) <machine/technique> complejo, altamente desarrollado or perfeccionado

    English-spanish dictionary > sophisticated

  • 6 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
    148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.
    149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.
    150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.
    151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.
    152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.
    153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.
    154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.
    156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.
    157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
    158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.
    159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.
    161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.
    162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.
    164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.
    165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.
    166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 7 valiente

    adj.
    brave (valeroso).
    f. & m.
    1 brave person (valeroso).
    2 valiant, brave person, daring person.
    * * *
    1 (valeroso) brave, courageous, bold
    2 (fuerte) strong, vigorous
    3 familiar figurado (excelente) fine, excellent
    ■ ¡valiente ayudante estás hecho! a fine assistant you are!
    4 peyorativo (bravucón) boastful, bragging
    1 (valeroso) brave person
    2 (bravucón) boaster, braggart
    * * *
    adj.
    bold, brave
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona, acción, decisión] brave, courageous, valiant liter
    2) iró (antes de s) fine

    ¡valiente amigo estás tú hecho! — a fine friend o some friend you are! *

    ¡valiente gobierno! — some government! *, what a government! *

    2.
    SMF brave man/woman
    * * *
    I
    1) < persona> brave, courageous, valiant (liter)

    valiente sinvergüenza estás hecho! — you have some nerve (AmE colloq), you've got a nerve (BrE colloq)

    valiente amigo que tienes! — some friend he is! (colloq & iro)

    II
    masculino y femenino brave person
    * * *
    = valiant, gallant, courageous, spunky, plucky [pluckier -comp., pluckiest -sup.], fearless, stud, brave [braver -comp., bravest -sup.].
    Ex. Manchester Public Libraries are making a valiant attempt to offer a suitable facility despite over-crowding and lack of space.
    Ex. This was an untenable state of affairs and he made a gallant effort to secure librarians and library boards from the possibility of such suits.
    Ex. One of the most effective ways of combatting racism is through enlightened, moderate and courageous work colleagues.
    Ex. The author discusses a number of ' spunky' girls in adolescent and children's literature.
    Ex. Steel's book exemplifies what might be termed the subgenre of 'Mutiny novel,' using such conventional characters as the plucky Englishwoman, the unflappable English gentleman-spy, and the crazed religious zealot.
    Ex. He describes the decoration of the tombs, explaining that this artwork is a fearless thumbing of the nose at death itself.
    Ex. 'Slut'/'angel' and 'wuss'/' stud' dichotomies provide an oversimplified grid from which adolescents negotiate complex feelings towards their own sexuality.
    Ex. It would be a brave man who would predict that such a process will always remain clumsy, slow and faulty in detail.
    * * *
    I
    1) < persona> brave, courageous, valiant (liter)

    valiente sinvergüenza estás hecho! — you have some nerve (AmE colloq), you've got a nerve (BrE colloq)

    valiente amigo que tienes! — some friend he is! (colloq & iro)

    II
    masculino y femenino brave person
    * * *
    = valiant, gallant, courageous, spunky, plucky [pluckier -comp., pluckiest -sup.], fearless, stud, brave [braver -comp., bravest -sup.].

    Ex: Manchester Public Libraries are making a valiant attempt to offer a suitable facility despite over-crowding and lack of space.

    Ex: This was an untenable state of affairs and he made a gallant effort to secure librarians and library boards from the possibility of such suits.
    Ex: One of the most effective ways of combatting racism is through enlightened, moderate and courageous work colleagues.
    Ex: The author discusses a number of ' spunky' girls in adolescent and children's literature.
    Ex: Steel's book exemplifies what might be termed the subgenre of 'Mutiny novel,' using such conventional characters as the plucky Englishwoman, the unflappable English gentleman-spy, and the crazed religious zealot.
    Ex: He describes the decoration of the tombs, explaining that this artwork is a fearless thumbing of the nose at death itself.
    Ex: 'Slut'/'angel' and 'wuss'/' stud' dichotomies provide an oversimplified grid from which adolescents negotiate complex feelings towards their own sexuality.
    Ex: It would be a brave man who would predict that such a process will always remain clumsy, slow and faulty in detail.

    * * *
    A ‹persona› brave, courageous, valiant ( liter)
    se las da de valiente y a la hora de la verdad … he makes out that he's brave but when it comes to it …
    (como intensificador): ¡valiente sinvergüenza estás tu hecho! you have some nerve ( AmE) o ( BrE) a real nerve ( colloq)
    ¡valiente estupidez! that was pretty stupid! ( colloq)
    ¡valiente amigo que tienes! some friend he is o nice friends you have! ( colloq iro)
    brave person
    los valientes marchan con la frente en alto the brave walk with their heads held high ( frml)
    * * *

     

    valiente adjetivo ‹ persona› brave, courageous
    valiente adjetivo
    1 (con coraje, arrojado) brave, courageous, valiant
    2 irón ¡valiente tontería acaba de decir!, that was a pretty stupid thing to say!
    ' valiente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gallarda
    - gallardo
    - guapa
    - guapo
    - resuelta
    - resuelto
    - arrecho
    - atrevido
    - audaz
    - dar
    - envalentonar
    - macho
    English:
    bold
    - brave
    - courageous
    - gallant
    - gritty
    - plucky
    - some
    - spunky
    - valiant
    - of
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [valeroso] brave, courageous
    2. Irónico [menudo]
    ¡en valiente lío te has metido! you've got yourself into a fine mess!;
    ¡valiente amigo estás hecho! some friend you are!
    ♦ nmf
    brave person
    * * *
    adj
    1 brave
    2 irón fine;
    ¡valiente sorpresa! a fine surprise this is!;
    ¡en valiente lío te has metido! a fine mess you’ve gotten yourself into!;
    ¡valientes vacaciones! some vacation this is!
    * * *
    1) : brave, valiant
    2) (used ironically) : fine, great
    ¡valiente amiga!: what a fine friend!
    * * *
    valiente adj brave

    Spanish-English dictionary > valiente

  • 8 acomplejado

    adj.
    neurotic, suffering from complexes, suffering from inhibitions.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: acomplejar.
    * * *
    1→ link=acomplejar acomplejar
    1 with a complex
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 person with a complex
    * * *
    ADJ neurotic, hung-up *

    está acomplejado por su nariz — he's got a complex about his nose, he's got a thing about his nose

    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    * * *
    está acomplejado por su gordura he has a complex about being fat
    masculine, feminine
    es un acomplejado he's a mass of o he has so many complexes
    * * *

    Del verbo acomplejar: ( conjugate acomplejar)

    acomplejado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    acomplejado    
    acomplejar
    acomplejado
    ◊ -da adjetivo: es muy acomplejado he's full of complexes;

    está acomplejado por su gordura he has a complex about being fat
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino: es un acomplejado he's a mass of complexes
    acomplejar ( conjugate acomplejar) verbo transitivo
    to give … a complex
    acomplejarse verbo pronominal
    to get a complex
    acomplejado,-a adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino estar a., to have a complex [por, about]
    acomplejar verbo transitivo to give a complex

    ' acomplejado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acomplejada
    English:
    self-conscious
    * * *
    acomplejado, -a
    ♦ adj
    está acomplejado por su calvicie he has a complex about his bald patch
    ♦ nm,f
    es un acomplejado he has got a complex
    * * *
    I adj
    :
    un niño acomplejado a child with a complex
    II part → acomplejar
    * * *
    acomplejado, -da adj
    : full of complexes, neurotic

    Spanish-English dictionary > acomplejado

  • 9 persona común

    f.
    common person, common citizen, average citizen, average person.
    * * *
    Ex. The ordinary person's information needs are becoming more complex and expensive.
    * * *

    Ex: The ordinary person's information needs are becoming more complex and expensive.

    Spanish-English dictionary > persona común

  • 10 privilegiado

    adj.
    privileged, gifted, advantaged, preferential.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: privilegiar.
    * * *
    1 privileged
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 privileged person
    * * *
    (f. - privilegiada)
    adj.
    * * *
    privilegiado, -a
    1.
    ADJ [vida, posición, persona] privileged; [clima, inteligencia, memoria] exceptional
    2.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    a) <persona/clase> privileged
    b) ( excelente) < posición> privileged; <clima/inteligencia/memoria> exceptional
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    * * *
    = advantageous, privileged.
    Ex. However, a more advantageous site was offered, right in the shopping precinct, linking a covered mall of shops with a multi-functional community complex.
    Ex. Public libraries were often in a privileged position to access such information and present it in a form acceptable to the public.
    ----
    * abuso de información privilegiada = insider trading, insider dealing.
    * comunicación privilegiada = privileged communication.
    * información privilegiada = insider information, privileged information.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * minoría privilegiada, la = privileged few, the.
    * minoría privilegiada, una = privileged few, a.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * posición privilegiada = advantageous position.
    * situación privilegiada = advantageous location.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    a) <persona/clase> privileged
    b) ( excelente) < posición> privileged; <clima/inteligencia/memoria> exceptional
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    * * *
    = advantageous, privileged.

    Ex: However, a more advantageous site was offered, right in the shopping precinct, linking a covered mall of shops with a multi-functional community complex.

    Ex: Public libraries were often in a privileged position to access such information and present it in a form acceptable to the public.
    * abuso de información privilegiada = insider trading, insider dealing.
    * comunicación privilegiada = privileged communication.
    * información privilegiada = insider information, privileged information.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * minoría privilegiada, la = privileged few, the.
    * minoría privilegiada, una = privileged few, a.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * posición privilegiada = advantageous position.
    * situación privilegiada = advantageous location.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona/clase› privileged
    2 (excelente) ‹clima› exceptional; ‹posición› privileged; ‹inteligencia/memoria› exceptional
    masculine, feminine
    unos pocos privilegiados a privileged few
    * * *

    Del verbo privilegiar: ( conjugate privilegiar)

    privilegiado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    privilegiado    
    privilegiar
    privilegiado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹persona/clase› privileged


    ‹clima/inteligencia/memoria› exceptional
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino:

    privilegiado,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 privileged: ocupa una situación privilegiada en la empresa, she has a privileged position in the company
    2 (excepcional) exceptional: tiene una inteligencia privilegiada, he's exceptionally intelligent
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino privileged person

    ' privilegiado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    privilegiada
    English:
    privileged
    * * *
    privilegiado, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [favorecido] privileged
    2. [excepcional] exceptional
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [afortunado] privileged person
    2. [muy dotado] very gifted person
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( favorecido) privileged
    2 ( excelente) exceptional
    II m, privilegiada f privileged person;
    los privilegiados the privileged
    * * *
    privilegiado, -da adj
    : privileged
    * * *
    1. (persona) privileged
    2. (clima, memoria, etc) exceptional

    Spanish-English dictionary > privilegiado

  • 11 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 12 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 13 differenziert

    I P.P. differenzieren
    II Adj. sophisticated; Geschmack etc.: auch discriminating, refined
    * * *
    dif|fe|ren|ziert [dɪfərɛn'tsiːɐt]
    1. adj
    (= fein unterscheidend) subtly differentiated; (= verfeinert) sophisticated; Charakter, Mensch, Gefühlsleben complex; (= verschiedenartig) Farbgebung, Anschauungen subtly diversified; Warenangebot diverse
    2. adv
    gestalten, sich ausdrücken in a sophisticated manner

    ein Problem differenzíért sehen/betrachten — to look at/examine a problem from all angles

    ich sehe das etwas differenzíérter — I think it's a bit more complex than that

    * * *
    dif·fe·ren·ziert
    I. adj (geh: fein unterscheidend) discriminating, differentiating
    II. adv (geh)
    etw \differenziert beurteilen to differentiate in making judgements
    etw \differenziert sehen to see sth [more] discriminately
    die Dinge \differenzierter sehen to be more discriminating
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv subtly differentiated <methods, colours>; complex <life, language, person, emotional life>; sophisticated < taste>; diverse < range>
    2.

    differenziert urteilen — be discriminating in one's judgement

    * * *
    A. pperf → differenzieren
    B. adj sophisticated; Geschmack etc: auch discriminating, refined
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv subtly differentiated <methods, colours>; complex <life, language, person, emotional life>; sophisticated < taste>; diverse < range>
    2.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > differenziert

  • 14 pira

    f.
    pyre.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: pirar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: pirar.
    * * *
    1 pyre
    * * *
    I
    SF (=hoguera) pyre
    II
    ** SF
    * * *
    femenino pyre
    * * *
    = pyre, pyre.
    Ex. As Franklin indicates, 'the farmer weeping beside the blazing pyre of dead sheep is a complex portrait of a breach in the relationships between animals and humans'.
    Ex. As Franklin indicates, 'the farmer weeping beside the blazing pyre of dead sheep is a complex portrait of a breach in the relationships between animals and humans'.
    ----
    * pira funeraria = funeral pyre.
    * * *
    femenino pyre
    * * *
    = pyre, pyre.

    Ex: As Franklin indicates, 'the farmer weeping beside the blazing pyre of dead sheep is a complex portrait of a breach in the relationships between animals and humans'.

    Ex: As Franklin indicates, 'the farmer weeping beside the blazing pyre of dead sheep is a complex portrait of a breach in the relationships between animals and humans'.
    * pira funeraria = funeral pyre.

    * * *
    pyre
    pira funeraria funeral pyre
    * * *

    Del verbo pirarse: ( conjugate pirarse)

    se pira es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    pira sustantivo femenino
    pyre
    pira sustantivo femenino pyre
    ' pira' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    maíz
    English:
    pop
    - pyre
    * * *
    pira nf
    pyre
    * * *
    f pyre
    * * *
    pira nf
    : pyre

    Spanish-English dictionary > pira

  • 15 сложный

    1. composite
    2. knotty
    3. complicate
    4. broken
    5. multiple
    6. built-up
    7. intricate
    8. sophisticated
    9. sophisticatedly
    10. complicated; complex; intricate; compound
    11. complex
    12. compound
    13. elaborate
    14. tricky
    Антонимический ряд:
    1. просто
    2. простой; простою
    3. простой

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > сложный

  • 16 cuestionar

    v.
    1 to question.
    El detective cuestionó al pillo The detective questioned the thief.
    2 to challenge, to bring into question, to doubt, to question.
    El profesor cuestionó su conclusión The teacher challenged his conclusion.
    3 to have objections about.
    * * *
    1 to question
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to question
    2.
    cuestionarse v pron to ask oneself
    * * *
    = challenge, question, render + suspect, query, render + questionable.
    Ex. The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex. The author queries the value of selecting so much sexually permissive teenage fiction for young people who are already sexually afire, given the dangers of unwanted pregnancies and AIDS.
    Ex. Luhmann's attempt to assign to language a merely marginal role renders questionable the conclusiveness of his theory.
    ----
    * cuestionar la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.
    * hacer que Alguien se cuestione Algo = make + Nombre + wonder.
    * no cuestionarse la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspend + disbelief.
    * que no se ha cuestionado = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * sin cuestionarlo = uncritically.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to question
    2.
    cuestionarse v pron to ask oneself
    * * *
    = challenge, question, render + suspect, query, render + questionable.

    Ex: The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.

    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex: The author queries the value of selecting so much sexually permissive teenage fiction for young people who are already sexually afire, given the dangers of unwanted pregnancies and AIDS.
    Ex: Luhmann's attempt to assign to language a merely marginal role renders questionable the conclusiveness of his theory.
    * cuestionar la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.
    * hacer que Alguien se cuestione Algo = make + Nombre + wonder.
    * no cuestionarse la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspend + disbelief.
    * que no se ha cuestionado = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * sin cuestionarlo = uncritically.

    * * *
    cuestionar [A1 ]
    vt
    to question
    to ask oneself
    debemos cuestionarnos si es necesario we must ask ourselves o we must question whether it is necessary
    * * *

    cuestionar ( conjugate cuestionar) verbo transitivo
    to question
    cuestionar verbo transitivo to question
    ' cuestionar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    discutir
    English:
    challenge
    - dispute
    - query
    - question
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to question
    * * *
    v/t question
    * * *
    : to question
    * * *
    cuestionar vb to question

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuestionar

  • 17 persona normal

    Ex. The ordinary person's information needs are becoming more complex and expensive.
    * * *

    Ex: The ordinary person's information needs are becoming more complex and expensive.

    Spanish-English dictionary > persona normal

  • 18 poner en duda

    (v.) = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on
    Ex. The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.
    Ex. A small but signifiant portion of the scientific literature is being flawed by the appearance of fraudulently produced research.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex. It is a source of innovation and strength, but it blurs traditional distinctions and can unsettle professional convictions.
    Ex. His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex. Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.
    Ex. Significant changes made in many libraries because of limited funds now put in doubt the long-term value of the report.
    Ex. Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex. The overlap between the top titles in periodical lists ranked in order of use is so low that the inconsistency sheds doubt on the value of such lists.
    Ex. In this culture, girls must be virgins at marriage & must not demonstrate overt pleasure at the beginning of the marriage lest their virginity be thrown into doubt.
    Ex. Such low figures throw doubt on the applicability of US findings to the UK situation.
    * * *
    (v.) = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on

    Ex: The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.

    Ex: A small but signifiant portion of the scientific literature is being flawed by the appearance of fraudulently produced research.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex: It is a source of innovation and strength, but it blurs traditional distinctions and can unsettle professional convictions.
    Ex: His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex: Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.
    Ex: Significant changes made in many libraries because of limited funds now put in doubt the long-term value of the report.
    Ex: Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex: The overlap between the top titles in periodical lists ranked in order of use is so low that the inconsistency sheds doubt on the value of such lists.
    Ex: In this culture, girls must be virgins at marriage & must not demonstrate overt pleasure at the beginning of the marriage lest their virginity be thrown into doubt.
    Ex: Such low figures throw doubt on the applicability of US findings to the UK situation.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner en duda

  • 19 poner en entredicho

    (v.) = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn
    Ex. The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.
    Ex. His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex. Properly read, live literature -- even the quietest or most light-hearted -- may be disturbing, may subvert our view of life.
    Ex. This article looks at what security measures can be taken without compromising access to materials.
    Ex. Also, the pursuit of applied ethics is viewed by some as being economically or opportunistically motivated, which casts aspersions on its contents.
    Ex. He challenged their assumptions and, I think, made them doubt what they thought they knew.
    Ex. He explained that while there was considerable turnover he doubted 18 assistants would be needed in the year, perhaps three or four at best.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex. If we are going to impugn somebody's integrity, let it be with the right facts.
    * * *
    (v.) = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn

    Ex: The only difference is the cataloger doesn't have to sit down and challenge himself, select one entry over the other, and say that this person is more responsible than another person for the work.

    Ex: His article casts doubt on the future of local technical libraries in the new economic climate.
    Ex: Properly read, live literature -- even the quietest or most light-hearted -- may be disturbing, may subvert our view of life.
    Ex: This article looks at what security measures can be taken without compromising access to materials.
    Ex: Also, the pursuit of applied ethics is viewed by some as being economically or opportunistically motivated, which casts aspersions on its contents.
    Ex: He challenged their assumptions and, I think, made them doubt what they thought they knew.
    Ex: He explained that while there was considerable turnover he doubted 18 assistants would be needed in the year, perhaps three or four at best.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: Some of the work discussed in chapter 28 may seem to call into question the value of this research.
    Ex: If we are going to impugn somebody's integrity, let it be with the right facts.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner en entredicho

  • 20 variopinto

    adj.
    1 variegated, of all colors, colorful, motley.
    2 multifarious, variegated.
    * * *
    1 (diverso) diverse, assorted
    2 (mezclado) mixed, varied
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=de distintos colores) multi-coloured, multi-colored (EEUU), colourful, colorful (EEUU)
    2) (=diverso) [objetos, regalos] diverse, miscellaneous; [gente, público] very mixed
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    * * *
    = motley, kaleidoscopic, multifaceted [multi-faceted], technicolor, many-faceted, pied.
    Ex. The person who never throws away a newspaper is regarded as an eccentric; the person who never throws away a book is more likely to be regarded as a bibliophile no matter what the resulting motley assortment of books may be.
    Ex. Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex. Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The technicolor coat of the academic library personnel officer: the evolution from paper-pusher to policy maker'.
    Ex. The solutions to educational problems will be necessarily complex and many-faceted.
    Ex. West African indigenous pigs are black, white, black and white or pied in colour with well developed hair coat and erect ears.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    * * *
    = motley, kaleidoscopic, multifaceted [multi-faceted], technicolor, many-faceted, pied.

    Ex: The person who never throws away a newspaper is regarded as an eccentric; the person who never throws away a book is more likely to be regarded as a bibliophile no matter what the resulting motley assortment of books may be.

    Ex: Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex: Recruitment of children's librarians is a kaleidoscopic issue involving multifaceted attempts to address a broad spectrum of problems.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The technicolor coat of the academic library personnel officer: the evolution from paper-pusher to policy maker'.
    Ex: The solutions to educational problems will be necessarily complex and many-faceted.
    Ex: West African indigenous pigs are black, white, black and white or pied in colour with well developed hair coat and erect ears.

    * * *
    el público asistente era de lo más variopinto there was a really mixed audience, the audience was a real mix of different people o ( colloq) a really mixed bag
    objetos variopintos componen la decoración de la habitación the room is decorated with all kinds of miscellaneous objects
    * * *
    variopinto, -a adj
    diverse
    * * *
    adj varied, diverse
    * * *
    variopinto, -ta adj
    : diverse, assorted, motley

    Spanish-English dictionary > variopinto

Страницы

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